Hmm - I'm wondering if an RPi3+ behaves like an RPi3 or an RPi4 in terms of graphics acceleration.
You should see the screen blank momentarily when you load the graphics-KERNEL extension - when you enter this: $ tce-load -i graphics-KERNEL
..is graphics-4.19.81-piCore-v7 loaded or do you see an error message saying graphics-4.19.81-piCore-v7l cannot be found?
Other than that, perhaps you have a corrupted or missing dep file or md5.txt file (which prevents scanning for updates).